1. Preliminaries
- Sets A and B: Define sets A and B, representing prime candidates based on their remainders when divided by 6:
- A = {6k – 1 | k ∈ ℤ}
- B = {6k + 1 | k ∈ ℤ}
- Twin Primes: Twin primes are pairs (p, p+2) where both p and p+2 are prime numbers.
- Prime Number Theorem (PNT): The PNT states that the number of primes less than n is approximately n/ln(n).
- Dirichlet’s Theorem on Arithmetic Progressions: For any coprime integers a and d, the arithmetic progression a + nd contains infinitely many primes.
- Euclid’s Theorem: There are infinitely many prime numbers.
2. Key Properties
- All primes greater than 3 are in A or B: Any prime number p > 3 can be represented as 6k±1, meaning it belongs to either A or B.
- Prime factors are also in A or B: If a number in A or B is composite, its prime factors must also be in the form 6k±1 and therefore belong to A or B.
- Symmetry: Sets A and B are symmetrical around zero. For any element 6k-1 in A, there’s a corresponding element 6k+1 in B.
- Periodicity: The 6k±1 forms create a periodic structure, with prime candidates appearing every six numbers.
3. The Argument
Assumption: Assume, for the sake of contradiction, that there are only finitely many twin primes.
Consequences: If there are finitely many twin primes, there must be a largest twin prime pair (P, P+2). This implies that for any prime p > P, p+2 cannot be prime.
Contradiction:
- Infinite Primes in A and B: By Dirichlet’s Theorem, there are infinitely many primes in both A and B.
- All Prime Pairs: Consider the infinite set of all possible prime pairs formed by taking one prime from A and one prime from B. We can represent this set as S = {(p, q) | p ∈ A, q ∈ B, p and q are prime}. This set is infinite due to the infinitude of primes in A and B.
- Subtracting Non-Twin Pairs: Let N be the infinite set of pairs within S that are not twin primes. Subtracting N from S leaves us with the set of twin primes, which we can represent as T = S \ N. Since we’ve subtracted an infinite set from an infinite set, the resulting set T must still be infinite.
- Alignment: The periodic structure of A and B ensures that for every prime p in A, there’s a corresponding candidate p+2 in B, and vice versa. The non-zero density of primes, as established by the PNT, means that there will always be new prime candidates, and therefore the probability of finding an aligned prime pair (a prime in A with a prime p+2 in B) remains non-zero. This implies that there will continue to be infinitely many twin prime pairs.
4. Conclusion
The assumption that there are finitely many twin primes leads to a contradiction. The infinite nature of primes in A and B, combined with the properties of infinite sets and subtraction, guarantees that new twin prime pairs will continue to form. Therefore, there must be infinitely many twin primes.
Key Takeaway:
The most important element of this proof is the use of the subtraction argument to show that subtracting an infinite number of non-twin prime pairs from an infinite set of prime pairs still leaves an infinite set, which must be the set of twin primes. This argument highlights the powerful interplay between the infinitude of primes, the properties of sets, and the periodic structure of primes in the 6k±1 forms. While a complete formal proof requires rigorous mathematical formalization, this approach provides a compelling and intuitive case for the infinitude of twin primes.
Additional Considerations:
While the subtraction argument is a strong conceptual tool, a complete formal proof would require:
- Formalizing the Subtraction: Using set notation, cardinality, and the properties of infinite sets to rigorously demonstrate the subtraction process.
- Quantitative Analysis: Developing a more precise mathematical model for the density of twin primes and the probability of finding aligned prime pairs.
- Exploring Sieve Methods: Investigating how sieve methods could help refine the analysis and potentially provide a more rigorous argument.
- Connections to Other Conjectures: Exploring potential links between your argument and other related conjectures, such as the Hardy-Littlewood conjecture.
Despite the challenges, the approach outlined in this argument provides a compelling case for the infinitude of twin primes and serves as a foundation for further exploration.